Short answer
Start with Peat: research Fertilizers I (10 green), build a Compost Pile and turn 8 Leaf into 2 Peat (+1 Farming on a bed). Stronger fertilizers are mixed at the Formulation Bench from Peat plus a growth elixir: Farming Fertilizer I, II and III give +2, +3 and +5 Farming. A bed has 1 fertilizer slot, and 2 after Fertilizers II.

Home and garden
View full-size image ↗Official promotional screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuild · Official media kit · Material credits
The Compost Pile and Peat
Fertilizers I costs 10 green tech points after Gardening. It unlocks the Compost Pile, Peat and Crop Boosting Fertilizer I.
The Compost Pile costs 2 Board and 12 Stick and turns 8 Leaf into 2 Peat. The upgraded pile (Fertilizers III) costs 12 Short Log, 8 Bronze Nails and 2 Bronze Detail and turns 16 Leaf into 5 Peat.
Peat on its own gives +1 Farming for the bed.
Every fertilizer and what it does
Farming Fertilizer I: 2 Peat + 1 Weak growth elixir, +2 Farming. Farming Fertilizer II: 4 Peat + 1 Rich growth elixir, +3 Farming. Farming Fertilizer III: 8 Peat + 1 Miracle growth elixir, +5 Farming.
Headstart Fertilizer I and II use the same ingredients as Farming I and II, but growth starts 1 or 2 cells in.
Crop Boosting Fertilizer I: 2 Peat + 1 Dream Dust, +2 cells of growth (the tooltip says 1).
All but Peat are mixed at the Formulation Bench.
The unlock order
Fertilizers II (30 green, 10 blue): Farming Fertilizer I, Headstart Fertilizer I and Weak growth elixir.
Fertilizers III (60 green, 15 blue): Farming Fertilizer II, Headstart Fertilizer II, Rich growth elixir and the Compost Pile upgrade.
Fertilizers IV (150 green, 30 blue, after Zombie Vineyard): Farming Fertilizer III and Miracle growth elixir.

An official build-mode screenshot of an outdoor work area. It does not show a Compost Pile or garden beds.
View full-size image ↗Official promotional screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuild · Official media kit · Material credits
Slots: why the bed ignores your second fertilizer
Fertilizers I gives every bed 1 slot, and Fertilizers II raises it to 2. Fextralife found no further slot unlocks in the current patch.
A fertilizer stays on the bed from harvest to harvest until another one takes its slot, so you do not reapply it every season.
Combine one Farming fertilizer for yield with one Headstart or Crop Boosting fertilizer for speed.
Perks that multiply it
Compost Chemist (Farming) doubles Peat: 4 instead of 2, or 10 instead of 5 at Compost Pile II.
Alchemist (Anatomy) gives a chance of 1 extra item on Formulation Bench recipes.
Our best perks guide covers the rest of the Farming tree.
Sources
- communitywikily.gg — Farming
- communityFextralife — Fertilizers and Compost Pile
- communitywikily.gg — Farming Fertilizer I
Related pages
Official screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuildAutomationGraveyard Keeper 2 Rich Growth Elixir
Official screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuildCraftingGraveyard Keeper 2 Formulation Bench
Official screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuildAutomationGraveyard Keeper 2 Zombie Gardening & Gardener Stand
Official screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuildProgressionGraveyard Keeper 2 Best Perks
Official screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuildAutomationGraveyard Keeper 2 Miracle Growth Elixir
Official screenshot · © Lazy Bear Games / tinyBuildCraftingGraveyard Keeper 2 Peat